Spain and the European Union have paid homage today to the 192 victims of the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings that marked the start of mass Islamist attacks in Europe.
Spain's King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia presided over the official ceremony this morning in the Royal Collections Gallery, a museum near the palace.
Organised by Brussels, 11 March has become the official European Day of Remembrance "for the victims of terrorism".
On that date in 2004, the Spanish capital was plunged into chaos as ten bombs devastated four commuter trains during the early-morning rush hour.
Although Spain had experienced decades of violence at the hands of the Basque separatist group ETA, it had never been hit by an attack of such magnitude, with taxi drivers and the public pitching in to help the emergency services ferry nearly 2,000 wounded to hospital.
Just two-and-a-half years earlier, the United States had been hit by the 9/11 attacks in which Al-Qaeda militants had killed nearly 3,000 people, but when Madrid was hit, Europe did not immediately think of the jihadist movement founded by Osama bin Laden.
Disinformation
Known as 11M - Spanish shorthand for 11 March - the attacks on a train at Atocha station and three others headed there, occurred in a highly-charged political context just days before a 14 March general election.
At the time, the ruling right-wing Popular Party (PP) of outgoing premier José Maria Aznar was the favourite to defeat the opposition Socialists led by José Luis Zapatero.
A year earlier, Mr Aznar's government had decided to join the US-led invasion of Iraq, despite widespread public opposition.
And in the following months, bin Laden had threatened revenge attacks on countries supporting the invasion.
Even so, within hours of the Madrid attacks, Mr Aznar's government publicly blamed ETA, despite mounting evidence to the contrary.
But the ETA hypothesis was soon debunked as investigators traced the perpetrators, largely through three bombs which failed to explode that were found in rucksacks and sports bags.
And Al-Qaeda itself claimed responsibility for the attacks saying it was in response to Spain's involvement in the Iraq war.
Although social media did not yet exist, doubts over the government's explanation quickly spread across Spain, and during huge demonstrations the following day, protesters expressed hostility towards the authorities who were accused of lying at a time when the word "disinformation" barely existed.
Only three left in prison
On 14 March, the public voted en masse, handing a resounding victory to the opposition Socialists, with analysts saying the government's disastrous handling of the attacks played a key role.
In early April, seven suspected members of the jihadist cell involved in the carnage blew themselves up as police surrounded an apartment where they had been hiding on the southwestern outskirts of Madrid.
The blast also killed a police officer who is counted in Spain as the 193rd victim of the attacks.
After a three-year investigation, 29 suspects, the vast majority Moroccan, went on trial in early 2007 with the process lasting six months. At the end, 18 were convicted.
Now 20 years later, only three are still serving time - two Moroccans who were each handed nearly 43,000 years, and a Spaniard, who supplied the explosives and was jailed for nearly 35,000 years.
In principle, they will remain behind bars until 2044.
All the others have been released after serving their sentences, the vast majority of them deported or extradited, mainly to Morocco.
