Atherosclerosis, often referred to as hardening of the arteries, is a progressive and potentially life-threatening condition that affects millions worldwide. This silent disease stealthily builds up fatty deposits, called plaque, within the walls of arteries, narrowing and stiffening them, ultimately restricting blood flow to vital organs. We spoke to Dr Lakshmi Navya Cheekatla, Associate Consultant – Cardiology, MBBS, MD (General Medicine), DM (Cardiology), who explained atherosclerosis, its symptoms, causes, risk factors, and treatment options.
What is Atherosclerosis?
While atherosclerosis often progresses silently, its impact can be profound. Restricted blood flow to the heart can lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and ultimately, heart attacks.
Dr Cheekatla said, “When arteries supplying the brain are affected, strokes can occur, causing sudden neurological impairments. Reduced blood flow to the legs can result in intermittent claudication, causing pain and limiting mobility. Atherosclerosis can also affect other organs, leading to complications like kidney failure and erectile dysfunction.”
According to the International Journal of Preventive Medicine, atherosclerosis is a vascular intima disease that can affect any part of the vascular system, including the aorta and coronary arteries. This condition is characterised by intimal plaques.
Also Read: Spotting Heart Issues: Expert Lists Signs of Heart Problems During Physical Activity
How Does Atherosclerosis Impact Lives?
The consequences of atherosclerosis can be devastating, impacting various aspects of life. Dr Cheekatla listed its various impacts as follows:
- Heart Disease: Reduced blood flow to the heart can lead to angina (chest pain), heart attack, and heart failure.
- Stroke: When plaque blocks blood flow to the brain, it can cause a stroke, resulting in paralysis, speech difficulties, and cognitive impairment.
- Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): Narrowed arteries in the legs can cause leg pain, cramping, and even tissue death in severe cases.
- Kidney Failure: Reduced blood flow to the kidneys can impair their function, leading to kidney failure and the need for dialysis.
Symptoms to Watch Out for
Unfortunately, atherosclerosis often progresses silently until a blockage occurs, triggering symptoms based on the affected artery. Dr Cheekatla listed its common signs as follows:
- Chest pain or discomfort (angina): Pressure, tightness, or squeezing sensation in the chest, often brought on by exertion or emotional stress
- Shortness of breath: Difficulty breathing, especially during physical activity
- Pain in the legs or arms: Cramping or aching pain, particularly when walking (PAD)
- Numbness or tingling in the extremities: Difficulty speaking, slurred speech, loss of vision, sudden numbness or drooping muscles in the face
Causes and Risk Factors
While the exact cause remains under investigation, several factors contribute to atherosclerosis development:
- Diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes elevates blood sugar, promoting inflammation and plaque build-up
- High cholesterol: Elevated levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol contribute significantly to plaque build-up
- High blood pressure: Sustained high blood pressure damages the arterial walls, making them more prone to plaque accumulation
- Smoking: Smoking damages blood vessels and accelerates plaque formation
- Obesity: Excess weight increases the risk factors mentioned above
- Family history: Having a family member with atherosclerosis increases your risk
Diagnosing and Combating the Threat
Early diagnosis is crucial for preventing severe complications. Doctors may consider the below process:
- Blood tests: To assess cholesterol levels, blood sugar, and inflammatory markers
- Imaging tests: X-rays, ultrasounds and echocardiogram, CT scan, CAG to visualise arteries and blockages
- Ankle-brachial index (ABI): Compares blood pressure in the arms and legs to assess PAD
- Examinations: Your healthcare professional can opt for a complete physical examination to assess the extent of the condition
Treatment Options For Atherosclerosis
- Lifestyle changes: A healthy diet, regular exercise, diabetes under control, smoking cessation, and weight management are crucial
- Medications: Cholesterol-lowering drugs, blood pressure medications, and antiplatelet drugs may be prescribed
- Procedures: In severe cases, procedures like angioplasty and stenting may be used to open blocked arteries
Bottomline
Dr Cheekatla concluded, “Atherosclerosis may be a silent threat, but you don't have to be a silent victim. You can empower yourself by understanding the risks, recognising the symptoms, and prioritising preventive measures to live a heart-healthy life. If you are experiencing any symptoms or are at a high risk of this condition, it is advised to consult with your healthcare provider about your risk factors and create a personalised plan to keep your arteries clear and your heart pumping strongly.”
[Disclaimer: This article contains information provided by a registered healthcare professional and is for informational purposes only. Hence, we advise you to consult your expert for proper diagnosis and treatment.]