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A comprehensive review on the thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of graphene-based multi-functional epoxy composites

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Abstract

Nowadays, there are growing demands for developing economical and multi-functional polymeric materials that simultaneously have high thermal conductivity, optimized electrical conductivity, and improved mechanical properties. Due to its outstanding physical and mechanical properties, graphene can significantly endow epoxy polymers with novel properties. As obtaining large-scale production of graphene is crucial for developing epoxy composites, this review firstly provides insight into the newly developed methods that can balance between quality and scalability of graphene. Then, the thermal and electrical conduction mechanisms of graphene and its polymer composites are illustrated in detail. Additionally, the recent progress of graphene to concurrently regulate the thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of epoxies is comprehensively reviewed, highlighting the influence of graphene aspect ratio, graphene derivatives, surface modification, orientation, dispersion, and the inclusion of hybrids. This study presents the state-of-the-art review of the established graphene-based epoxy composites for electrically conductive and insulative applications to provide comprehensive guidelines for researchers seeking to attain high-performance materials.

Graphical abstract

This article comprehensively and simultaneously reviews the recent advancements in thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of graphene-based epoxy composites.

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Fig. 1

Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society. (c) Schematic of the cathodic electrochemical exfoliation mechanism. Reproduced with permission [133]. Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society. (d) Schematic of the high shear mixer and the dominating mechanisms, including the effect of shearing, jet cavitation, and collision between graphene sheets. Reproduced with permission [144]. Copyright 2014, RSC Publishing. (e) Schematic explanation of the fabrication of edge-selectively modified GnPs in a dry ball milling through the reaction between the active carbon species at the broken edges of GnPs and the reactant gases. The red ball refers to the reactant gases such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen, sulfur trioxide, and air moisture; (e') an example of the SEM micrograph of the exfoliated GnPs with carboxylic acid at their edges using carbon dioxide as the reactant gas. Reproduced with permission [107]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society

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Copyright 2010, Wiley–VCH. (b) Schematic of the transition of polymer from insulative into conductive materials by the incorporation of different graphene loading showing the percolation and tunneling mechanisms

Fig. 6

Copyright 2013, Elsevier. (c, d) Storage modulus versus temperature of epoxy and its composites reinforced with different dispersion states of RGO. Reproduced with permission [229]. Copyright 2013, Elsevier

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Copyright 2014, Elsevier

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Copyright 2011, Elsevier. (c, d) Electrical conductivity and relative Young’s modulus of different graphene-based epoxy composites as a function of the filler content. Reproduced with permission [292]. Copyright 2014, Wiley–VCH

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Copyright 2015, Elsevier

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Copyright 2018, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 15

Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (d) AFM image of RGO revealing an average size of 400 ~ 600 nm with a thickness of ~ 0.8 nm. (e) Surface morphology of the fabricated 3DGF defining its unique porous structure; 3DGF was fabricated by CVD method with the presence of nickel foam rod. Reproduced under terms of the CC-BY license [311]. Copyright 2017, Springer Nature

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Copyright 2020, Elsevier

Fig. 17

Copyright 2019, IOP Publishing. (d) Schematic of the synthesis process of the pea-pod-like alumina-graphene epoxy composite. (e) In-plane and through-plane TC of the obtained composites. Reproduced with permission [96]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier

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Copyright 2013, RSC Publishing

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Copyright 2016, Elsevier

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Copyright 2014, RSC Publishing

Fig. 23

modified by 3-aminepropyltriethoxysilane coupling agent (APS or APTES) to produce h-BN-NH2. The self-assembly was achieved simply by mixing GO with h-BN in an appropriate ratio under continuous stirring for 2 h; then, the mixture was collected and vacuum dried. Reproduced with permission [355]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier

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Copyright 2015, RSC Publishing

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Copyright 2019, Elsevier

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Copyright 2018, Wiley–VCH

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  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Amr Osman

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Benha Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

    Amr Osman, Abdelmoty Elhakeem, Saleh Kaytbay & Abdalla Ahmed

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Osman, A., Elhakeem, A., Kaytbay, S. et al. A comprehensive review on the thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of graphene-based multi-functional epoxy composites. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 5, 547–605 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-022-00423-4

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